A Statistical Analysis of AIDS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Statistical Analysis of AIDS - Research Paper Example The number of individuals acquiring the disease is also increasing. The growing concern today however, lies on the mounting difference in the number of African Americans and their White counterparts being infected or even dying from the disease. Women in particular, have constantly become the subject of people’s concerns regarding the matter of AIDS. This paper aims to present and discuss the statistics regarding the disparity between Blacks and Whites being diagnosed with AIDS. Moreover, the factors affecting this disparity will be presented. The importance of the role of the government in addressing this issue will be discussed and finally, a conclusion will be provided. The Statistics of AIDS in the United States In past statistics, African Americans were found to constitute the majority of individuals infected with AIDS1, 2. In the Black population, males comprised two-thirds or about 65% of new infections3. Furthermore, the rate at which Black men acquire new HIV infectio n is 6 times higher than White men and 2 times higher than black women4. On the other hand, the rate at which Black women acquire new HIV infection is 15 times higher than White women.5As such, the rate of death is also expected to be higher among Black women. Black females have a lower rate of infection in comparison to Black males. However, Black females are more affected by the disease in comparison to women from other races.6The large scale of Black womenbeing infected with, as well as dyingfrom AIDS has attracted attention from different areas and departments of the society. More so since there is yet to be a clear decline in the mortality rates of AIDS-infected African-American womenwhereas mortality rates of AIDS-infected White women have continually decreased. Ethnic disparities concerning HIV/AIDS infection and mortality are consistent in all states.7Figure 1 below presents a comparison of HIV/AIDS mortalities between Black and White populations in the United States. The hu ge difference between the races is evident except perhaps among the 15- to 24-year-old age group where the statistics were almost the same if not, slightly different. Figure 2 below presents the gender and racial comparisons with regards to new cases of HIV infectionin Massachusetts. The large disparity between Black females and White females as well as the large difference between the number of White males and Black males getting infected with AIDS are evident. According to Cole, Church, Fukuda et al.,8the percentage of Black women who have acquired HIV in the year 2006 – 2008 is 51% as compared to 20% of White women. This shows that Black women have almost twice the risk of acquiring the disease as compared to White women. However, it is also shown that from 2006 – 2008, White men have a higher percentage of new infections compared to Black malesin Massachusetts.This could be attributed to gay activities; however, not well-defined. In 2007, it has been reported that HIV was the third leading cause of mortality for black men and women aged 35-44.9 HIV also became the ninth leading cause of mortality for all blacks.10 In fact, about 233,624 Blacks who were diagnosed with AIDS had died in the United States.11 Moreover, African American women were known to be 22 times more likely to die

Career Goal Essay Example for Free

Career Goal Essay My short term goal – immediately upon completion of the MBA – is to enter the field of FMCG marketing. My aim is to take up a challenging product marketing position with a top global consumer goods company. This role would give me the opportunity to identify target market segments, and devise strategies to tap into them. By working on the design and execution of marketing campaigns, I will be able to combine my newly acquired business skills with my inherent creativity and channel it in a way that helps my organization grow. I have deep interest in gaining extensive learning in the field of marketing. Over a period of a few years I aim to become an expert in end-to-end marketing strategy and execution. This expertise will help me achieve my longer term goal – to set up a niche marketing consultancy for the health foods and nutrition snacks sector. My consultancy will provide a one-stop solution for marketing and promotion activities such as market research, market targeting and segmentation and implementation of marketing programs. My firm will allow me to leverage my love of marketing for bringing healthy food supplements that benefit society as a whole. Through my work in commercial sales, I have gained experience in understanding complex and fragmented market landscapes, identifying market gaps that the business can serve, bridging operational ability with market needs and negotiating with suppliers and customers. I have learned the art of managing customer expectations and building strong customer relationships even under difficult delivery constraints and economic conditions. All of these will be valuable in my marketing career. Additionally, the MBA degree will help me address the gaps that presently exist in my competencies. The MBA program will give me exposure to multi-domain business knowledge from finance to supply chain to human resources to technology. More importantly, it will help me understand the interplay between business functions, and between the business and its competitive environment. This will be instrumental in devising optimal marketing strategies that best serve the organization’s vision. Through the MBA, I will also gain expertise in the use of popular marketing frameworks to identify market needs and gaps, and determine appropriate pricing strategies. Soft skills, such as presentation and communication skills, are also vital to success in marketing. The MBA degree will greatly help me enhance my soft skills. It will also give me the  opportunity to network and build professional relationships with peers and alumni – who themselves are successful business executives. These networks will be instrumental in my career growth as well as in establishing my business venture in the future. The comprehensive set of competencies that the MBA will equip me with makes will give me the perfect platform to reach my career objectives.

Hamlet- The Role Of Women Essay -- essays research papers

Today women have many rights. We can vote, work, and even voice our own opinions. In the past women were seen as mothers and housekeepers, always taught to respect, listen, and serve there husbands or the man of the house. In those days this was considered normal, therefore women had no choice but to obey and do as they were told. In Hamlet, Shakespeare portrays a similar relationship between women and men. He allows men to hold the higher position in the causing, them to treat women as lesser people and believed that women should listen to them and do as they were told. Ophelia a young women in Hamlet, she represents how women are treated. Ophelia obeys several different men in the play. One of the men is Hamlet. Ophelia is sixteen much younger than Hamlet, Hamlet is twenty one and in college. The Maturity of each persons mind depends on there age. Ophelia is a woman who has been taught to believe and listen to men such as her father. When she is now faced with wether to believe Hamlet or doubt his love for she once again she disregards her feelings and trusts Hamlet. Hamlet pursued Ophelia, he saw a young women whome he could satisfy him self with. In the play Hamlet does not court ophelia the only place they are together is in Ophelia’s bedroom "He hath, my lord, of late made tenders Of his affection to me"(pg 17 line 99). Hamlet visits her bedroom at night and makes love to her. Ophelia believes this a relationship but is too young to know what a real relationship is. Hamlet writes her letters to make her believe that letters are a representation of Love. Ophelia did not refuse Hamlet everything that Hamlet wanted from Ophelia he got. She stops thinking for herself and allows men to think for her. Ophelia allows Hamlet to "make love to her" because Hamlet wants to. Men in those days had a great deal of power. Women were not thought of being much more than lovers and house keepers, there minds belonged to there men. Ophelia does not know wether the relationship was ever real. Hamlet is another man controlling her to make her believe that he really loved her. like her father, he can control her mind and make her believe what he wants her to. Another man she obeys is her father, Polonius, Lord Chamberlain. In the play she believes her father has her life in his hands, she will never d... ...ow her how wrong it is but it is a s though she can not see through her own eyes she agrees with Claudius and repeat whatever his oppinions are. Queen. I doubt it is no other but the main, His father’s death and our o’erhasty marriage (pg 39 line 56). Here the queen does not care whether her own son is hurt by her marriage. She seems to be heartless when she should be full of heart warming feelings. As a women in the play she allowed Claudius to instill his views in her. And just like Ophelia she subdues her feelings and allows a man-Claudius- to make his opinion an feelings hers. In making Hamlet I believed that Shakespear gave men the higher position in the play. Such as the title of the book Hamlet who is also the prince in the play. Most of the main characters in the play are men. The role of the women in the play existed in all the characters in the play. Women were portrayed as slow, weak, neurotic characters who were easily led astray and were easily controlled. Maybe Shakespear did not believe in women as strong characters due to the age he lived in but, now in the year 2000 this is un heard of.

Process Strategy and Analysis For Toyota Motors Corporation Essay

Introduction When organizations seek to improve or transform their resources into goods and services, they are, in a way, developing their process strategy in producing their customer and product specifications at lower costs and less managerial constraints. As companies are targeting global markets at present, each organization needs to decide on long-term competitive goals that are strategic in nature. In making these process decisions, managers need to focus on controlling competitive priorities like quality, flexibility, time, and cost to meet the global demand for their products. In having a look at Toyota Motor Corporation’s process strategy, it will be helpful to realize why their decisions for both service and manufacturing processes are successful. By determining the processes that comprise their operations, we will be able to assess if their value chains are managed efficiently and effectively. According to Krajewski et al. (2007), a process strategy specifies the pattern of decisions made in managing processes so that they will achieve their competitive priorities. Also, a â€Å"process strategy guides a variety of process decisions, and in turn is guided by operations strategy and the organization’s ability to obtain the resources necessary to support them†. Thus, a process strategy consists of decisions that help define the value chain. Usually these decisions seek the improvement of processes and they are done most likely when: A gap exists between competitive priorities and competitive capabilities. A new or substantially modified service or product is being offered. Quality must be improved. Competitive priorities have changed. Demand for a service or product is changing. Current performance is inadequate. The cost or availability of inputs has changed. Competitors are gaining by using a new process. New technologies are available. Someone has a better idea. As a leading auto manufacturer in the world, Toyota Motor Corporation sells its vehicles in more than 170 countries and regions worldwide. Toyota’s primary markets for its automobiles are Japan, North America, Europe and Asia. Employing nearly 300,000 people, its headquarters is located in Toyota City, Japan. Their products include passenger cars, recreational and sport-utility vehicles; minivans and trucks. Toyota’s subsidiary, Daihatsu Motor Company, also produces and sells mini-vehicles and compact cars. While another brand, Hino Motors produces and sells commercial vehicles. More importantly, Toyota manufactures automotive parts, components and accessories for its own use and for sale. Toyota has 52 manufacturing facilities in 27 countries and regions (Toyota Website). Process Strategies in Toyota One of the most notable processes that Toyota Motor Corporation had made famous is the Toyota Production System (TPS). At present, TPS is also known for a variety of terms like lean systems or just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, lean production, stockless production and zero inventories. Cox and Blackstone (1998) defined lean systems as â€Å"a philosophy of production that emphasizes the minimization of the amount of all the resources (including time) used in the various activities of the enterprise †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lean systems thinking was initiated and developed as the TPS. It was Toyota’s vice president Taiichi Ohno who pushed for the TPS beginning in 1937 when he discovered that labor at American manufacturers was nine times more productive than labor at Japanese manufacturers (Monden 1983, p. v). Since there was a pressure to improve after World War II because capital was restricted and production volumes were low, Ohno researched on some methods they can adopt in Toyota to make their production system work better. However, it was not until the 1973 oil crisis that most Japanese manufacturers became interested in TPS and it was not until the end of the 1970s that a significant number of U.S. manufacturers began to investigate TPS. The Toyota Production System became widely known in the United States in 1983 when a book of that title was published. During the 1980s, the popular term in the United States for the TPS system was â€Å"just-in-time manufacturing†. At the beginning of the 1990s, the term lean systems became popular because of a series of books and articles by U.S. consultants and researchers in which they referred to TPS as â€Å"lean systems,† because they allow more and more to be done with less and less. Fact is that Ohno only borrowed important roots of lean systems from two distinct American institutions: Henry Ford’s mass production system and the supermarket. Lean Systems That Sparked More Process Strategies In the book by Womack and Jones (1996), entitled Lean Thinking, they simplified Ohno’s lean systems approach. As it is not just a set of techniques but a management philosophy, this means managers must have a different mental model or perspective of managing the manufacturing process. The five steps or principles to develop this mental model are: Precisely specify value for each specific product. Identify the value stream for each product. Make value flow without interruptions. Let the customer pull value from the producer. Pursue perfection. During the 1980s, some U.S. companies have adopted lean systems successfully. But many more failed or even refused to take action. Many managers are skeptical that TPS could not succeed in the United States or it provided no real benefits. However, the publication of a book titled The Machine That Changed the World (Womack, Jones & Roos, 1990) ended the debate about whether lean systems created real, lasting benefits. The book presented the results of a three-year study of automobile manufacturing throughout the developed world. They found that in 1990 a Japanese plant in Japan took 16.8 hours to build an auto, while a U.S plant in the United States took 25.1 hours per car. Not only did a Japanese plant produce cars faster, its cars had fewer defects per hundred vehicles, lower space requirements, and lower inventories than their competitors. Their findings also indicate that it is the management system and not the country’s culture that is responsible for the success of lean companies, since Japanese plants in the United States performed better than U.S. plants on all criteria. Aside from the TPS, Toyota pursued total quality management or â€Å"kaizen†, a change strategy that involves a continuous incremental improvement of work procedures. Using kaizen, production-line employees are made responsible for finding ways to improve work procedures to drive down costs and drive up quality. Individually, and in quality groups or circles, employees suggest ways to improve how a particular Toyota car model is made. Over time, from their thousands of suggestions, incremental innovations made to the car assembly process result in major improvements to the final product. Employees receive cash bonuses and rewards for finding ways to improve work procedures, and the result has been a continuous increase in car quality and reduced manufacturing costs. In the 2000s, under the leadership of Toyota’s new president, Jujio Cho, the company sought to increase the speed of change to further improve its efficiency and quality to gain an edge over its major competitors such as GM, Ford, and Daimler-Chrysler. It has begun a series of new kinds of change programs, each directed at improving some aspect of its operations, which Toyota hopes will bring both incremental and radical changes to the way it operates. Some incremental change programs involve strengthening its kaizen program, such as â€Å"pokayoke,† or mistake-proofing. This initiative concentrates on the stages of the assembly process that have led to most previous quality problems; employees are required to double- and triple-check a particular stage to discover defective parts or to fix improper assembly operations that lead to subsequent customer complaints. Another program is Construction of Cost Competitiveness for the 21st Century program or â€Å"CCC21,† which involves working with the company’s suppliers to find ways to reduce the costs of Toyota’s car components by 30 percent—something that will result in billions of dollars in savings. Toyota has also introduced a new manufacturing process called â€Å"GBL,† which uses a sophisticated new assembly process to hold a car body firmly in place during production. This allows welding and assembly operations to be performed more accurately, resulting in better-quality cars. GBL has also enabled Toyota to build factories that Toyota to build factories that can assemble several different kinds of models on the same production line with no loss in efficiency or quality. This is a major competitive advantage. The company’s global network of plants can now quickly change the kinds of cars they are making depending on buyers’ demands for various models at different points in time (Dawson, 21 February 2005). Other radical change efforts have focused on revamping Toyota’s development and design process to keep up with changing customer needs and demographics. In the 1990s, for example, the age of the average Toyota car buyer steadily rose. Despite Toyota’s climbing global sales (which exceeded $203 billion in 2006), the company was criticized for failing to understand how the market was changing. Some blamed the problem on centralized decision making at the company and a culture that had long been dominated by Toyota’s cautious and frugal Japanese designers. Rather than designing innovative, flexible vehicles customers were increasingly demanding, Toyota continued to focus on cutting costs and increasing the quality of its vehicles. To quickly get an improved design process into gear, President Cho bolstered two new change techniques to radically alter the design process: PDCA and â€Å"obeya†. Obeya is based on frequent brainstorming sessions among engineers, designers, production managers, and marketers designed to speed new model cars to the market. PDCA (â€Å"plan,† â€Å"do,† check,† â€Å"action†) is a program designed to empower the company’s designers outside of Japan to intervene in the car development process and champion designs that meet the needs of local customers. The results of promoting a flexible, decentralized car design process were the speedy introduction of the rugged eight-cylinder Tundra pickup truck and the angular, ScionxB compact in the United States, as well as the Yaris, Toyota’s best-selling European car. The Yaris was designed in Europe, and its success there led to its subsequent introduction in Japan where it also sold well (Hill, 2004). Conclusion Throughout its existence, we could see that Toyota has managed their process strategies effectively as they root everything out from the TPS. Through the TPS, they continued to change and improve their processes to lessen production time, lessen the wastes and make production efficient to the benefit of both the company and its employees. Also, it is important to note that, despite all these changes, their customers remain at the core of their focus as Toyota seeks to meet all their demands. As for their management, the decisions are translated into actual process designs or redesigns. This matches the complementary philosophies for process design: (1) process reengineering and (2) process improvement (Krajewski et al., 2007). In this regard, we could say that Toyota Motors Corporation has an excellent decision patterns to further improve their manufacturing processes in the future. The Process Analysis of the Toyota Motor Corporation Introduction In the book The Toyota Way, Liker (2003) claimed that Toyota has the fastest product development process in the world. In analyzing their manufacturing process, Liker found that new cars and trucks take only 12 months or less to design in Toyota, while competitors typically require two to three years. Also, Toyota has been benchmarked to be the best in its class by all of its peers and competitors throughout the world. This is because Toyota maintains high quality, high productivity, faster manufacturing speed and flexibility in processing their products (p. 5). All these successes are due to the TPS that Liket (2003) summarized into 4 Ps (Problem-Solving, People and Partners, Process and Philosophy (see Figure 1). Figure 1. 4Ps That Comprise the Toyota Production Systems (Source: Liker, 2003). Analyzing the TPS In the process part of the TPS, we can see at its core is the goal of eliminating waste. For example, in the manual assembly operation of a truck chassis assembly line (see Figure 2). The operator takes many individual steps, but generally only a small number of the steps add value to the product, as far as the customer is concerned. In this case, only the three steps identified add value. Although some of the non value-added steps are necessary (for example, the operator has to reach to get the power tool), the point here is to minimize the time spent on non-value-added operations by positioning the tools and material as close as possible to the point of assembly. Toyota has identified seven major types of non-value-adding waste in business or manufacturing processes: Overproduction. Producing items for which there are no orders, which generates such wastes as overstaffing and storage and transportation costs because of excess inventory. Waiting (time on hand). Workers merely serving to watch an automated machine or having to stand around waiting for the next processing step, tool, supply, part, etc., or just plain having no work because of stockouts, lot processing delays, equipment downtime, and capacity bottlenecks. Unnecessary transport or conveyance. Carrying work in process (WIP) long distances, creating inefficient transport, or moving materials, parts, or finished goods into or out of storage or between processes. Overprocessing or incorrect processing. Taking unneeded steps to process the parts. Inefficiently processing due to poor tool and product design, causing unnecessary motion and producing defects. Waste is generated when providing higher-quality products than is necessary. Excess inventory. Excess raw material, WIP, or finished goods causing longer lead times, obsolescence, damaged goods, transportation and storage costs, and delay. Also, extra inventory hides problems such as production imbalances, late deliveries from suppliers, defects, equipment downtime, and long setup times. Unnecessary movement. Any wasted motion employees have to perform during the course of their work, such as looking for, reaching for, or stacking parts, tools, etc. Also, walking is waste. Defects. Production of defective parts or correction. Repair or rework, scrap, replacement production, and inspection mean wasteful handling, time, and effort. Unused employee creativity. Losing time, ideas, skills, improvements, and learning opportunities by not engaging or listening to your employees (Liker 2003, p. 28-29). Figure 2. Waste in a Truck Chassis Assembly Line (Source: Liker, 2003). Figure 3. Timeline of Waste in a Value System (Source: Liker, 2003). TPS: A Goal Driven Process Like any system, the TPS is a goal-driven set of interrelated or linked activities. Managers who recognize that they are managing a system are aware of two main points: (1) the system reacts to any solution and (2) the system controls the behavior of those individuals who operate within it. The first point means that there are often unintended consequences when a solution to a problem in a system is introduced. To avoid unintended consequences, managers must fully understand the system. The second point means that managers must avoid attributing the problems in a system to the character of the individuals within the system. The manager must instead identify how the structure of the system is shaping the choices of the individuals within the system. By understanding these two points, the manager can now redesign the system to increase the system’s performance. The incorrect use of performance measures can prevent the successful introduction of lean systems. For example, a performance measurement system that encourages high equipment and high labor utilization often discourages production at the rate demanded by the customer. Indeed, these performance measures actually encourage large-batch production, thus creating the waste of overproduction and decreasing the system’s ability to respond to the customer. Firms that implement lean systems often use a performance measure called overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). Soiichi Nakajima (1988) first formulated this performance measure to assess how effectively equipment is maintained and operated. Figure 4 shows six types of capacity losses in the right-hand column (breakdown losses, setup and adjustment losses, idling and minor stoppages, speed losses, quality defects, and start-up and yield losses). These capacity losses are organized into three categories: downtime losses, speed losses, and quality losses. Figure 4. Six Probable Causes For Equipment Losses (Source: Masaji & Goto, 1992). Knowing performance measurements are an important part of any manufacturing system, thus TPS support the elimination of possible waste. The operations manager must select the performance measurements that will encourage behaviors that lead to the desired business performance. In TPS, the desired business performance is shorter flow time, reduced costs, and faster response to the customer. Another advantage of the TPS is its support towards employee empowerment as a means for continuous improvement. Toyota empowers its employees by training them to use the scientific method to continuously improve processes. The scientific method involves four elements: theory, hypotheses, data, and verification. In the research of Spear and Bowen (1999) they indicated that the scientific method is integrated into the Toyota Production System so that every time a job is performed is an experiment. This creates a system where all the work processes are very specified and structured, but the system itself is very flexible and responsive. Toyota implements the scientific method as part of four unspoken rules that everyone in the organization must learn and practice: Highly Specified Work – Toyota’s first rule requires that managers, engineers, and line workers fully understand how a job is to be done and its relationship to other jobs. By ensuring that every job has a very clearly defined set of steps, it is obvious when the correct process is not being followed and it is also obvious when more training is needed or when the job definition needs to be changed. This allows quick identification and correction of any problems that occur. This first rule reduces variance in how work is done. By creating a highly specified sequence of steps to perform the job, Toyota is actually proposing a theory that this procedure is the best way to do the job. Given this theory, two implicit hypotheses in every standard job specification are first that each person doing the activity is capable of performing it correctly and second that performing the activity as specified actually creates the expected outcome. Direct Connections – Toyota’s second rule states that there must be direct, unambiguous communication between each customer and supplier. Direct, unambiguous communication means that each customer and each supplier know the exact form and quantity of goods and services to be provided. The theory implicit in this second rule is that the supplier has the capacity to meet the customer’s needs as they are communicated. This theory leads to two hypotheses: (1) the customers’ requests will be for goods and services in a specific mix and volume and (2) the supplier can respond to the customers’ requests. The production process generates data through the observation of the customer-supplier interactions. Simple Direct Pathways – Toyota’s third rule is that all pathways must be simple and direct. This means that goods and services must flow to a specific person or machine. The underlying theory in this rule is that having simple and direct pathways will quickly reveal any source of variances in the flow of goods and services. This rule suggests two hypotheses: (1) every supplier is necessary and (2) any supplier not connected to the pathway is not necessary. Each day of production provides data to analyze the hypotheses. Was there a supplier who was not connected to a pathway? Obviously any supplier or activity not connected to the flow pathway can be eliminated. This rule eliminates noise from the system and means that there are no pooled queues of completed work from suppliers waiting for the customers to use. Instead, completed work leaves one activity and goes to the next activity. If one supplier has a high variance in deliveries, their variance will not be hidden b y the deliveries of the other suppliers. Scientific Method – Toyota’s fourth rule requires that employees be trained to formulate and test hypotheses about how they can improve their job activities. Toyota constantly encourages its workers to conduct experiments trying to identify a better method of performing their job activities. Conclusion In analyzing the Toyota Production System, we can deem that the company seeks to benchmark their operations to become more efficient. This is the reason why that the TPS is highly regarded among all companies in the world because it focuses on setting quantitative goals for improvement. TPS seeks to make Toyota’s manufacturing processes to be made simple and they are utilizing a scientific model that goes one step further it transforms their processes to be more dynamic. The Toyota management is also constantly gathering ideas for reengineering or improving a process become apparent after documenting the process. They are carefully examining the areas of substandard performance, efficient interaction between departments and finally making customers’ preferences a prime priority. The ultimate goal of TPS is to apply the ideal of one-piece flow to all Toyota’s business operations, from product design to launch, order taking, and physical production by eliminating the unnecessary waste. Thus, the TPS is an all-encompassing philosophy that includes product design, process design, equipment and facilities design, supply chain coordination, job design, and productivity improvement. If there is one â€Å"key† to successful implementation of TPS, it’s adopting a holistic approach. This is probably the reason why Toyota remains to be one of the most admired companies in the world because they implemented a system that cut all the unnecessary costs and produced faster results without compromising the product expectations of their stakeholders. References Cox, J.F. & Blackstone, J.H. Jr. (Eds). (1998). APICS Dictionary, 9th ed. Alexandria, VA: APICS. Dawson, C. (2005, Feb 21). A China Price for Toyota.   Business Week, 3921, 50-51. Hill C.W.L. (2004). Toyota, in C. W. L. Hill & G. R. Jones, Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach, Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. & Malhotra, M.K. (2007). Operations Management: Processes and Value Chains, 8th   ed. NJ: Prentice-Hall. Liker, J. (2003). Toyota Way. Blacklick, OH: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. Monden, Y. (1983). Toyota Production System, Norcross, GA: Industrial Engineering and Management Press. Nakajima, S. (1988). TPM: Introduction to TPM, Total Productive Maintenance Cambridge MA: Productivity Press. Spear S. & Bowen, H. K. (1999, Sept-Oct). Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System, Harvard Business Review, pp. 96–106. Tajiri, M. & Gotoh, F. (1992). TPM Implementation: A Japanese Approach, New York: McGraw-Hill. Toyota Website. (2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007, from http://www.toyota.com/about/our_business/ Womack, J.P. & Jones, D.T. (1996). Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation, New York: Simon and Shuster. Womack, J.P. Jones, D.T. & Roos, D. (1990). The Machine That Changed the World, New York: Rawson Associates

Ignominy in the Puritan Community Essay

The title of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter refers to the literal symbol of ignominy that Hester Prynne’s community forces her to wear as a reminder of her sin. Though the word â€Å"ignominy† is used in sympathetic passages that describe Hester Prynne’s disgrace as an adulteress and out-of-wedlock mother, its use at the same time reveals an extremely critical description of Hester’s community; Hawthorne finds that what is truly disgraceful is the way the community relishes and exploits the opportunity to punish one of its members. Through powerful diction and imagery describing Hester’s sin and through saintly representations of Hester’s beauty and wholeness, Hawthorne reveals his sympathy toward Hester. The narrator commiserates with Hester when the reader first encounters her walking to her daily public shaming upon the marketplace’s scaffold. He writes, â€Å"her beauty shone out and made a halo of misfortune and ignominy in which she was enveloped† (50). The word â€Å"halo† suggests an angelic, even saintly quality, compared to the sin for which she is being publicly disgraced as punishment, making her circumstance more complex than simply one of punished sin. That she is â€Å"enveloped† by disgrace implies that her shame derives more from her surroundings than from her sin; Hawthorne’s use of â€Å"misfortune† also demonstrates the narrator’s sympathy toward Hester, again suggesting that her disgrace comes as much from the community’s display of her sin as from the sin itself. Hawthorne portrays Hester sympathetically yet again in her encounter with Chillingworth in the prison. The disguised physician declares Hester to be â€Å"a statue of ignominy, before the people† (68). Ironically, Chillingworth, in the role of a healer, here admonishes rather than helps Hes ter. His words, intended to threaten and punish Hester, in fact, spark sympathy for her in the reader. Similarly, later in the novel, while Hester and Dimmesdale talk in the forest, briefly away from the opprobrium of the Puritan community, Hawthorne describes how â€Å"Hester Prynne must take up again the burden of her ignominy† (170), on her return â€Å"to the settlement.† The use of the words â€Å"must† and â€Å"again† reveal Hester’s continual forced obligation to wear and be a symbol of shame in her community, and show again the narrator’s sympathy toward her. The fact that she is â€Å"burden[ed]† by disgrace illustrates the extreme weight of her painful, shunned experience, thus establishing the cause for the narrator’s sympathy for Hester. As Hawthorne shows empathy regarding Hester as she leaves the prison, he also condemns the harsh experience inflicted on her by the community, â€Å"The very law that condemned her†¦had held her up, through the terrible ordeal of her ignominy† (71). The words â€Å"terrible ordeal† not only reinforce the narrator’s sympathy toward the protagonist, but also suggest that the narrator is judging the community, not Hester. By revealing the community’s enjoyment and cruelty in punishing Hester, Hawthorne criticizes the Puritan’s ideas of justice and mercy through both assertive diction and direct communication with the reader. When â€Å"A crowd of eager and curious schoolboys† stare â€Å"at the ignominious letter on her breast† (52), the reader sees the â€Å"eager† pleasure and excitement witnesses experience from Hester’s circumstance. Here Hester’s disgrace has become both an entertainment and an educational device. The narrator continues with, â€Å"she perchance underwent an agony†¦as if her heart had been flung into the street for them all to spurn and trample upon† (52). With this description, Hester’s humanity is maintained, even when the comm unity, â€Å"all† of it, objectifies her as a teaching tool. The image of her heart â€Å"flung†, â€Å"spurn[ed] and trample[d] upon† demonstrates both the narrator’s sympathy toward Hester and animosity toward Puritan society, regardless of the age of the member. Shortly after his description of the schoolboy’s callous treatment of Hester, the narrator continues with a harsh account of the scaffold and pillory once employed upon it, â€Å"that instrument of discipline† that represented â€Å"the very ideal of ignominy† (52). The pillory reflects the nature of the community’s sense of justice, and the narrator finds it extremely harsh. The word â€Å"ideal,† often associated with perfection, suggests that the pillory signifies the ultimate desired effect of â€Å"ignominy:† public shame from which the sinner cannot turn away. Next, it would seem that Hawthorne speaks out directly and emotionally to the reader, declaring, â€Å"There can be no outrage, methinks, against our common nature, whatever be the delinquencies of the individual, – no outrage more flagrant than to forbid the culprit to hide his face for shame† (52). Hawthorn’s use of word â€Å"methinks† suggests his forceful personal address on this issue of cruelty; he weighs in powerfully against the malice of the Pilgrim community that punishes Hester, even if it has not subjected her to the pillory. The word â€Å"no† implies Hawthorne’s view that this punishment is an absolute violation of human decency on the part of any community that turns a criminal into a victim by inflicting the use of a pillory. The letter â€Å"A† Hester must wear shows that the Puritans have depersonalized Hester as part of her punishment for committing adultery. The Puritan community is again portrayed as disgraceful when â€Å"John Wilson, the eldest clergyman of Boston† (60), steps forward above the scaffold where Hester continues to stand. He â€Å"had carefully prepared himself for the occasion† (63). Clearly, the words â€Å"carefully prepared† show Wilson relishing the public opportunity to punish Hester. He delivers to the community â€Å"a discourse on sin, in all its branches, but with continual reference to the ignominious letter† (63). His repeated reference to the scarlet letter underscores his depersonalization of Hester in her disgrace, without any consideration of her human suffering. The word â€Å"ignominious† reflects as much about the opportunistic clergyman and the punishing Pilgrim audience as it does about Hester’s sin. The narrator continues, â€Å"So forcefully did [Wilson] dwell upon this symbol, for the hour or more during which his periods were rolling over the people’s heads, that it assumed new terrors in their imagination† (63). The length of this sermon, and the nature of Wilson’s â€Å"rolling† delivery show the clergyman’s intention to hammer his message into the crowd and fire up its punishing judgment. Hawthorne continues to criticize the community as he places Hester historically at the site where she was first disgraced. The narrator notes, â€Å"If the minister’s voice had not kept her there, there would nevertheless have been an inevitable magnetism in that spot, whence she dated the first hour of her life of ignominy† (211). Implied is the idea that the power of public shaming by the community causes her to remain. Specifically, by noting that the scaffold is where â€Å"the first hour of her life of ignominy† began the author criticizes the community by revealing that Hester did not experience â€Å"ignominy† until being publicly disgraced on the scaffold, even though her sin had been committed many months prior. With his use of the word â€Å"ignominy,† Hawthorne repeats throughout The Scarlet Letter the cruelty, judgmental attitude, and narrow-mindedness of Puritan society. He portrays Hester’s community as condemning sinners mercilessly, refusing to accept ideas that are foreign to their ways of living or thinking. In this way, the townspeople depersonalize Hester, suggesting that she and her disgrace are one. Hester is seen as her sin, not as a complex human being with complicated, still unknown, circumstances.

Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood Essays

Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood Essays Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood Essay Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood Essay For the intent of this survey an activity has been planned by the writer and introduced within the writers ain work puting. Any learning purposes will be evaluated and consideration given to any learning chances offered to set up the prosperity of execution of the activity. All planning will be developed utilizing the counsel of the Early Years Foundation Stage ( DCFS, 2008 ) , consideration given to the distinction of children`s demands and assortment of pedagogical attacks required. Research will be undertaken to set up the considerations given in be aftering to the Early Years Foundation Stage Principles, subjects and committednesss supported by relevant theory and research findings. Research will be undertaken into different theoreticians and how their findings may act upon current pattern within the workplace. A picture recording will be made to capture all interactions and chances utilised for shared, sustained thought. Opportunities for the development of linguistic communication, and diverseness of acquisition will be evaluated and assessed with the aid and counsel of the scenes director. The Early Old ages Puting The country used for the planned activity is within the chief room of a Foundation Unit which caters for kids who are aged three to five old ages old. The country chosen is within the originative portion of the scene leting entree to all stuffs and equipment available. The country has been prepared for the activity, all resources have been prepared and organised adhering to the wellness and safety counsel of the scene. The purpose of the activity is to set up a child`s ability to manage tools and objects safely and efficaciously, this has been achieved through the proviso of a assortment of equipment and stuffs supported through the interaction of the early old ages practician. Planning has been differentiated leting for kids of lower abilities to be included within the activity, and different schemes implemented in order to provide for single developmental demands. This is in line with the purposes and rules of the EYFS attack to larning. Good planning is of import for effectual pattern in order to give a varied and progressive attack to larning. It enables practicians to construct on their ain personal accomplishments and cognition and enhance development within pattern. The EYFS ( DCSF, 2008 ) recognises the significance of planning and observation as a method to inform practicians, constructing on experiences of kids and sweetening of any learning chances. Activity `Bubble Balloons ( Appendix a ) Planing implemented to develop an activity that would back up the bing subject of work within the puting ` Conveyance ; In the Air , and old week`s observations was developed. Consideration was given to the development of different degrees of acquisition, with the inclusion of a lesson program to back up the original subject. A transcript of the lesson program was so given to the director who will detect the activity and do notes which will measure the success of execution, development of linguistic communication and any other relevant information. This activity was planned for execution within the chief room of the scene. A mixture of six kids aged three to five old ages old were invited to take part. The kids were given aprons to protect their apparels and the activity introduced by the practician. Different techniques, stuffs and procedures were modelled, and encouragement given to do independent picks. The intent of the activity was explained, depicting any learning purposes and relevancy of the activity to the scenes chief subject. An illustration of a finished merchandise was shown to help ocular consciousness of kids present. Opportunities to discourse the activity allowed the kids to set up lucidity of the adult`s outlooks. Following safety guidelines a cup and jug of H2O were placed on top of the tabular array and each kid given a straw. Children were asked to ab initio blow through a straw into a cup of H2O to set up their ability to blow and non suck. Following this appraisal the practician was able to determine which kids required the alternate schemes for the activity. The distinction of be aftering enabled less able kids to entree finger pigments and adorn balloon templets alternatively of bubble picture. It is the duty of early old ages suppliers to concentrate on each child`s separately larning development through the distinction of planning and guaranting positive attitudes to diverseness, as stated in the EYFS Statutory Framework ( DCSF, 2008 ) . The kids were encouraged to experiment by separately blowing through the straws into pots of colored pigments, pressing a clean paper balloon templet onto the pot detecting the assorted forms created. This procedure was so repeated edifice up the denseness of pigment onto the paper. This is an activity that is supported by the EYFS Early Learning ends for Knowledge and Understanding ( DCSF, 2008 ) , which encourage kids to research and look into stuffs utilizing all their senses as appropriate. Opportunities for the practician to detect the kids s reactions to the stimulations and note any `wow minutes enabled grounds to be collected and reflect on the result of the activity. Throughout the activity encouragement was given to speak about alterations of textures, colorss and different techniques used. When finished, kids offered thoughts and suggestions to what they could make next to better or widen the activity. Guidance and support of the practician was offered when required, enabling kids to input their ain thoughts promoting independent thought, assurance and development of cognitive accomplishments. Following this treatment the kids began to independently adorn square pieces of card utilizing a assortment of stuffs of their ain pick. With support from the grownup the kids attached the balloon templet to the `basket with a assortment of methods of their pick. Opportunities at the terminal of the activity were given to discourse as a whole the different methods used, and chances given for the kids to portion their finished `balloon . This allowed the kids to portion in their ain creativeness, ideas, feelings and thoughts with their equal group. This activity was observed, recorded and assessed throughout by the director of the scene. Notes were made of existent interactions for accurate survey. Use of appropriate linguistic communication and enlargement of linguistic communication was recorded and suggestions made to change or back up the pedagogical attacks used. An chance to discourse the findings with the director at a ulterior day of the month allowed a coaction of thoughts to be shared, and any advice given to be built upon and implemented in future pattern. Pedagogical Approachs Throughout the activity consideration was given to the linguistic communication used and chances for kids to interact freely through geographic expedition and experimentation. An debut to the activity giving clear, positive instructions and outlooks helped the kids to follow a clear guideline of the undertaking in front. This` patterning is identified in the Effective Early Learning ( EEL ) Project ( Pascal and Bertram, 2001 ) in the three key parts of grownup interaction which impact straight in a child`s acquisition ; effectual interactions, sensitiveness and freedom to larn and research independently. The debut of a finished merchandise gave the kids a ocular assistance to exemplify what was required. Ocular AIDSs illustrates a different attack that will back up communicating together with the spoken word. Bruner ( 1983 ) describes the relationship between grownup staging, larning and a child`s degree of linguistic communication development. However Trevarthan ( 1998 ) describes that without a child`s ain desire to larn or take part, advancement will be impaired necessitating practicians to develop an consciousness into back uping these demands, giving chances for kids to freely show their single purposes. Ocular AIDSs, organic structure linguistic communication, sharing and communicating all illustrate a holistic attack to acquisition and is encouraged within the chief rules of the EYFS Framework ( DCFS, 2008 ) . This is shown in the differentiating of be aftering for the activity for kids who have identified barriers to larning and whom may necessitate more big support. Through using a assorted and multi-sensory attack to larn, assorted pedagogical attacks have been illustrated. Using ocular, audile and haptic resources allow the kids to to the full take part in the activity in a composure, safe and structured environment. This can be shown through the child`s enthusiasm and involvement illustrated. This procedure is described as `VAK ; Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic AIDSs. ( DfES, 2004 ) Evaluation Of Manager ( Appendix B ) As shown in appendix B, the director has bullet pointed many positive facets for competent instruction and an ability to present a clear, precise but enlightening lesson was identified. The bringing of the lesson was highlighted and described as merriment and exciting, with kids eager to larn and take part. The usage of this type of communicating is described as `conversational staging , the importance of the practicians function in back uping and actuating the kids is reinforced through exciting the children`s involvements and empathy shown to their feelings and interactions. A belief illustrated in the Effective Early Learning ( EEL ) undertaking ( 2001 ) . The director was able to place that a deep apprehension into the methods and resources for the activity had been achieved through the debut of the lesson program, resources and ability to present a clear, but enlightening debut to the activity. The usage of different techniques and accomplishments introduced to the kids were identified leting the kids to research freely within their ain creativeness. Language was used to spread out the children`s thoughts and kids given encouragement to experiment at their ain degree of larning through grownup staging, and open- ended inquiries. The marks identified to better pedagogical attacks within pattern were to give the kids more freedom to reply, utilizing their equals to discourse their work and during this treatment to concentrate more on the inquiries given to the kids in order to let more kid led acquisition. Brooding Evaluation Following this activity I was able to stand back and reflect on my professional capablenesss and attack to the pedagogical methods used. I feel that I had successfully researched informations, implementing my ain acquisition accomplishments and cognition into the lesson program. The EYFS guidelines ( DCFS, 2008 ) were followed during the planning procedure, and developmental counsel taken into the proviso of age related marks for planning. A deep apprehension of any learning purposes was acquired in order to be after consequently for a child`s single developmental demands by following the EYFS model. Through treatment with co-workers the effectivity of the activity was evaluated and different pedagogical attacks discussed in order to develop professionally with the workplace. Throughout the activity an holistic attack to larning ensured that all the kids could freely pass on, believe about their purposes and heighten any physical accomplishments through their ain creativeness. Support and counsel was given when required promoting the children`s ain experimentation. This is a theory supported by Erikson ( 1963 ) whom believed that kids would make their full physical and rational potency leting a balance of larning chances and grownup intercession. Whereas Bruce ( 1991 ) identifies the importance of free drama to enable a kid to be in control without limitations. I feel that through the proviso of grownup support and chances for experimentation, a happy, safe and unafraid medium has been achieved within this activity. The purposes and aims intended for the activity were reached efficaciously, the kids aptly handled all the necessary tools and stuffs safely. A diverseness of acquisition was achieved through the distinction of planning, following with the rules identified in the National Curriculum ( DFEE,1989 ) get the better ofing possible barriers to larning by reacting and be aftering harmonizing to a child`s single acquisition with the inclusion of suited but accomplishable acquisition challenges. I found that the activity was successful, all wellness and safety issues were taken into consideration, kids were separately assessed to determine developmental capablenesss, and distinction in be aftering enabled all kids to take part in the activity harmonizing to single degrees of development. The activity seemed to flux along without any major changes and I was able to react and back up all linguistic communication and accomplishments required. I have established that the procedure of planning, ability to place certain developmental countries in demand of focal point, observation within pattern, group coaction and contemplation vital to my ain professional development. This method of contemplation is described by Schon ( 1983 ) as reflection- in- action. Decision Pedagogical attacks in the Early Old ages are indispensable in the proviso of effectual pattern. In order to advance teaching method, a practician must be able to show a good cognition and understanding into the rules, purposes and content of the EYFS model and successfully implement them within pattern. Planning, observations and appraisals are all influenced through the ability to accommodate purposes harmonizing to the holistic attack encouraged by the EYFS. An ability to understand a child`s single developmental demands and concentrate on appropriate larning aims assistance in the proviso of appropriate pedagogical resources, activities and interaction within the scene. Different theoreticians and authorities statute laws have influenced the bringing of the EYFS ; the Effective Early Learning ( EEL ) Project ( Pascal and Bertram, 2001 ) , National Curriculum ( DCFS, 1989 ) have impacted on the function of an early old ages practitioner through their different attacks to a child`s acquisition and development. A demand for on- traveling development ensures that all early twelvemonth practicians need to be cognizant of current policies and processs that may impact on pattern within the workplace. It has been established that through coaction with co-workers a better apprehension into different schemes would better pattern within the workplace and stairss to better these factors will heighten any farther professional development. Word Count ; 2,200 Mentions Department for Children, Schools and Families ( 2008 ) Practice Guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage. Nottingham: DCFS Publications. Department for Children, Schools and Families ( 2008 ) Statutory Guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage. Nottingham: DCFS Publications. Bruner, ( 1983 ) in Pound, L ( 2005 ) How Children Learn. London: Step Forward Publishing Ltd. Department for Education and Employment ( 1989 ) The National Curriculum. London: HMSO. Department for Education and Science ( 2004 ) Primary National Strategy Excellence and Enjoyment: Learning and Teaching in the Primary Old ages: Section 3- Diverse Learning Needs. London: DfES. Erikson, E ( 1963 ) Childhood and Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Pascal, C and Bertram, A ( 2001 ) The Effective Early Learning ( EEL ) Undertaking: Accomplishments and Reflections. London: House of Commons. Schon, DA ( 1983 ) The Brooding Practitioner: How Professionals Think In Action. New York: Basic Books. Trevarthan, C. ( 1998 ) The Child`s demand to larn a civilization in, Woodhead, M. , Faulkner, D. And Littleton, K. Cultural Worlds of Early Childhood. London: Routledge/ Open University Press.

My Values essays

My Values essays People have very different reasons on why going to college and getting an education is important for them. Some people go to college because that is what is expected of them, and others go because they have nothing else better to do. However, I am interested in going to college and obtaining a good education because it will benefit my family, my country, and me. My parents have this perfect life for me pictured in their heads, and the first thing they see me doing is going to college. They expect the best of me, and so by going to college, I will not only have fulfilled their goals for me, but I will have accomplished one of the goals I have set for myself. In our culture, when parents come to the age where they cant support themselves, it is the duty of the children to look after them. We dont just throw our elders into retirement homes and visit them twice every year. We are expected to meet their wants and needs, and that will not be possible without a good education, which will then lead to a good job. As you know, a college education is good for each individual, but not only that, it is good for the country. As a college education becomes more obtainable through the use of financial aid, our country benefits the most. We are the future businessmen and women of America, and through our knowledge, the country will grow. The education we get today will help us prosper in the future, and the more we expand our horizons, the more the economy will increase. If students are denied an education because they dont have the means to pay for college, then they are deprived of accomplishing their goals and reaching their fullest potential. In the words of Michael Jackson, The dream we were conceived in will reveal a joyful face, and the world we once believed in will shine again in grace. With the students of today being educated, the people of tomorrow will prosper. Now that Ive explained how my goi...

Santas Lap Christmas Improv Drama Game

'Santas Lap' Christmas Improv Drama Game Santas Lap is a variation on a theater game called Surprise Guests. As with that character guessing game, one person will leave the stage area and be out of earshot. The remaining cast members will then gather suggestions from the audience by asking them: Who should I be? The audience may suggest generic character types: cowboy, opera singer, cheerleader, or other suggestions. They may also suggest specific individuals: Walt Disney, Vladimir Putin, Queen Elizabeth, or characters from books or movies. Or, the audience can be encouraged to offer bizarre suggestions, such as: A man without any bonesA woman who is madly in love with pastaA child who fears candy How to Play After each cast member has received a character, all then form a single-file line. The person playing Santa enters in character, and the scene begins. Santa may be played in a very genuine sort of way (think Miracle on 34th Street), or he may be portrayed as a disgruntled mall Santa (as in A Christmas Story). After Santa interacts with the audience or perhaps with an elf employee, the first character in line sits on Santas lap. (Or they can just approach Santa if sitting is not appropriate to the character.) As Santa asks what the person wants for Christmas, he will also engage in a conversation that will deliver funny little clues about the identity of the character. As with Surprise Guests, the goal isnt so much to correctly guess the character. Instead, the performers should focus on humor and character development. Make the most of the interaction between Santa Claus and his mystery lap-sitter. After the lap-sitter has been identified, then Santa moves on to the next person in line. Note: In order to make the improv game more dynamic, Santa should feel free to move from his chair, taking the characters to see his workshop, sled, or reindeer barn. Tips To help plan a successful improv event, check out these tips: You wont need a ton of space for this question-and-answer guessing game, but you will want at least five people to play. If you have that few, you can rotate people in and out of the audience and can rotate the people being Santa in different rounds, as each round will move quickly. If you have a lot of people, you can still rotate Santa after a particular number of characters guessed, such as every 10, or after a certain length of time, say 15 or 20 minutes, depending on how Santa is doing.If children are involved in the game, take their knowledge of famous people or characters into account when choosing the subjects.When coming up with your subjects, the more creative you can be, the more lively the game will be. Having someone pretend to be a data entry clerk, for example, will not be as spirited for the actor as, say, a skydiver with a fear of heights. Get an emotional element into the character suggestion when possible. This can also help the actor to think up what he or she wan ts from Santa for Christmas, as the character will have a need of something built into his or her role from the start.

Mining industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mining industry - Research Paper Example As such, when looking at the relationship between these two countries, there will be no doubt to mention of the tension between the local laborer and the immigrant. Immigrant labor is the type of labor that occurs when individuals depart from their mother country to another country in search of better terms of labor and improved standard of living (Brakman, et al 2007). In other words, it means the movement of people from their homelands into a new place in search for employment on both temporary as well as a permanent basis (Debrah 2002). For a long time, the perception was that when people move, it is because they are attempting to escape harsh conditions back home because the land that they are headed to is perceived to be at a higher level development wise than their homeland. In other words, it is the movement of labor from an underdeveloped economy to a developed one (Debrah 2002). Nowadays, this will not always hold water because there are cases of people who move from the developed countries into the developing world still in search of greener pastures (Tang 2000). Coming back to the topic at hand, the relations between the Chinese and the Australians can be looked in terms of the terms of employment of the host country in comparison to the home country (Morrow 2012). Also of importance is the matter of the problems that arise from the movement. When looking at the working conditions at the mines, it is clear that these were not the best places to be. A lot of the work that was given to the Chinese was in the form of menial tasks such as ‘running’. This involved the taking of the empty cars to the white miners or even descending deep into the mines to dig for gold or coal (Walker 2008). The fact that the Chinese were willing to earn less than the white miners is rather in dispute. It was the only choice they had (Walker 2008). A Victorian newspaper, at the time, suggested the setting aside of inferior diggings for the Chinese since

Management of Info Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Management of Info Systems - Essay Example This has also increased my curiosity in environmental issues and in particular the UAE trend to becoming green (non, 1990). The aim of this study is also to sensitize investors and the general public on this new trend who will also be the beneficiaries of the project. The expected outcome of this project is to sensitize individuals and organizations on the greening initiatives and give them ways of contributing to these initiatives. The United Arabs Emirates has started its journey to go green through many initiatives. Among the initiative is the launch of â€Å"A green economy for sustainable development† by His Highness Shaikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister and Vice-President of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai in the year 2012 (Khaleg Times, 2013). UAE aims becoming a model of the new green economy in order to preserve the environment for future generations and in order to enhance the development of the country. Some of the advancement done in the UAE include; the production renewable energy and related technologies that will promote the use of clean fuel for energy production; building of green city which aims at coming up with policies that raise the efficiency of buildings and housing; and encouraging a green life against wastage (LOW, 2012). The general objective of this project is to contribute to the world’s goal of going green. This general objective can be broken down to five more specific objectives in the form of research questions that would together help in achieving the overall goal of this project. Where possible, questionnaire containing closed ended questions will be given randomly to individual. I will develop the questionnaire with the guidance of the lecturer who will review and approve the questionnaire. This review and approval is crucial because the questionnaires need to give a good picture of the institution. The intended study group is twenty people. This method will increase the uniformity of data collected which is

Benefits of the iPhone5 to an Architectural company Essay

Benefits of the iPhone5 to an Architectural company - Essay Example (Tech gadgets, n. d.). In order to evaluate how the iPhone 5 can serve an architectural company, data/information management needs persisting in the architectural industry are closely analysed. It is observed that the weakness in information management and communication can negatively affect an architectural company’s market competitiveness. An architectural company cannot deliver effective services to its clients unless there are improved information and communication management systems in operation. In the next session, the paper discusses how these needs of an architectural company can be met using the iPhone. ... By the turn of the 20th century, the business world became highly competitive, and subsequently many business firms went out of business due to their insufficient competitive capabilities. In order to manage the high level growth, companies are required to pay particular attention to construction activities and infrastructure development (Ruth, n. d.). It is obvious that infrastructure development is very crucial to attract potential investors and hence to ensure sustainable business growth Government of the Rostov Region, n. d.). Therefore, architectural companies have immense growth opportunities in today’s business world. In addition to the explosive business growth, the increasing need for housing also offers potential opportunities for architectural firms (The Hindu Business Line, 2012). Today, a large number of architectural companies are active in the industry so as to take advantages of the emerging infrastructure development opportunities. However, these companies can not promote their business growth unless they remain competitive and innovative. In other words, an architectural company has to show its creativity in project design, project development, and information management (Black architects, 2005, p.114). Managing inflow and outflow of information is one of the most difficult challenges for an architectural company to face (Oracle, 2012). In order to effectively confront with market rivals and thereby ensure long term business sustainability, architectural companies must get proper access to information when required. Currently, these firms depend on online information storage systems that are capable of meeting information needs quickly and conveniently. It is clear that architects cannot often develop

Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Development - Essay Example rnment to support humanitarian causes, the provisions and limitations of monetary allowances, & more importantly, how money translated to distinct help reaches a certain group of beneficiaries. With this said, I would say that this book is really a substantial tool for average or ordinary readers who are not necessarily involved in any humanitarian causes to understand how organizations seek to aid humanitarian crisis and will serve as a light to start motivating themselves to be part of a bigger cause, to help make the world a better place for everyone. Digging deeper to the content of the book, I would say that one of the most striking statement from the book would be, â€Å"building the resilience of vulnerable populations is an essential part of achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and is not well served by responses that create a false partition between chronic poverty and vulnerability to crisis.† (Randel, J., p.6). With the ongoing concerns tackling whether humanitarian efforts really help poor societies build a better future or just further hinder their ability to support themselves without the assistance of anyone is now on the spotlight as this book emphasizes the need to draw a line between helping them and feeding on their dependence on the government or NGOs. Of course, this is another case that has two sides of the story. We cannot deny the reality of poor communities who really need the support from humanitarian organizations to give them the tools to gain an equal chance of at least survival. Howe ver, it is also crucial to clearly set guidelines to avoid humanitarian efforts to be a weapon that would destroy a community’s drive to better themselves. As it is said, it is better to teach someone how to fish rather than just feeding him fish. A distinct example of which would be Korea where humanitarian efforts go beyond financial support, instead, builds resilience among the beneficiaries through cash-based programming, enabling people

Nursing Informatic Job Roles Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Informatic Job Roles - Coursework Example This integration is meant to enhance communication, management and expansion of knowledge, information, wisdom and data within the nursing practice (Bickford, 2009). Nursing informatics development can partly be attributed to the developments in the computer world whose applications have pervaded the whole medical field continuum. Computer application in knowledge management is currently applicable in clinical practice, nursing research and nursing education (Anderson et al., 2012). The recognition of the importance of NI led to the development of certification of nurses specializing in NI from 2005. The NI nurses have led to better patient outcomes through the application of their expertise in information technologies, structures and processes. This has helped other medical providers and nursing and medical practitioners in creating evidence-based practice and a clear record of practice that facilitates research, decision-making and policy development (Anderson et al., 2012). This p aper critically reviews three nursing informatics job advertisements to determine whether the job descriptions are in line with the NI scope of operation, functional area definition and standards of practice. It is an analytical review aimed at determining whether the jobs have the right designation, which should take consideration of all elements of the nursing informatics field. ... ob Requirement Summaries Descriptive Details Job One Job Two Job Three Job Title -Nurse Informatics -Nursing Informaticist -Clinical Informatics Supervisor Academic Qualifications -Bachelors degree (BSN). -Information system courses. -Bachelors degree (BSN). -Bachelors degree (BSN). -NI Certification by â€Å"American Nursing Credentialing Centre† (ANCC). Competencies & skills. -Computer skills. -Customer service skills. -Communication skills. - (missing). -Knowledge on computer applications and documentation. - Experience -1 year teaching or administrative role. -2 years in a clinical role with systems application. -5 years clinical nursing experience. -3-4 years’ experience in clinical nursing. -2 years’ experience in nursing staff education. -5 years’ experience in acute care set up. -Healthcare information systems’ knowledge. -Experience in NI. Job Type -Full time -Full time -Regular/Full time Other Requirements -RN Licensure -RN licensure -RN l icensure -Membership in relevant nursing body. Job Descriptions Job One Create liaison with the medical staff, nursing practitioners, house staff and other care sectors in order to plan, design, develop, implement, maintain and evaluate electronic medical records and systems. Analyze structural processes and clinical operations in a manner that facilitates development of decision-making structures relating to clinical systems. Determine clinical processes that deserve computerization using clinical practice experience and knowledge. Ensure compliance of information systems with regulations and standards of practice. Assist with data analysis, quality assessment and design workflow and CKI. Job Two Change work culture related to technology implementation. Provide technological support in clinical information system.

Digital Communication and Death of Print Journalism Essay

Digital Communication and Death of Print Journalism - Essay Example According to the paper findings, it can, therefore, be said that digital communication tools such as blogs and micro-blogging sites have taken journalism to a whole new different level. Digital journalism can be instantaneous and can spread news faster than any other mass media. Also, it gives the power of journalism to individuals not represented by any corporation. Individuals who are not professional journalists also can report news and put it out as the open source. Digital communication has built a platform for sharing unbiased news and at the same time getting numerous perspectives. More importantly, it is an interactive forum and allows for a debate on the news from the general public (Schultz, 1999).  Digital journalism is now starting to pose a serious threat to print journalism. Digital journalism has numerous advantages over traditional print journalism. Many daily newspapers are now starting to have a digital presence. In today’s world, people lead a high-tech an d busy life. People are always on the move and go to the internet for all they need. Print media is slowly losing reader base to digital journalism (Zafra, 2007). The one communication style and delay in reporting is all contributing to the decline of print journalism. It is definitely clear that in the near future print journalism will be completely replaced by digital journalism.

Nursing Informatic Job Roles Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Informatic Job Roles - Coursework Example This integration is meant to enhance communication, management and expansion of knowledge, information, wisdom and data within the nursing practice (Bickford, 2009). Nursing informatics development can partly be attributed to the developments in the computer world whose applications have pervaded the whole medical field continuum. Computer application in knowledge management is currently applicable in clinical practice, nursing research and nursing education (Anderson et al., 2012). The recognition of the importance of NI led to the development of certification of nurses specializing in NI from 2005. The NI nurses have led to better patient outcomes through the application of their expertise in information technologies, structures and processes. This has helped other medical providers and nursing and medical practitioners in creating evidence-based practice and a clear record of practice that facilitates research, decision-making and policy development (Anderson et al., 2012). This p aper critically reviews three nursing informatics job advertisements to determine whether the job descriptions are in line with the NI scope of operation, functional area definition and standards of practice. It is an analytical review aimed at determining whether the jobs have the right designation, which should take consideration of all elements of the nursing informatics field. ... ob Requirement Summaries Descriptive Details Job One Job Two Job Three Job Title -Nurse Informatics -Nursing Informaticist -Clinical Informatics Supervisor Academic Qualifications -Bachelors degree (BSN). -Information system courses. -Bachelors degree (BSN). -Bachelors degree (BSN). -NI Certification by â€Å"American Nursing Credentialing Centre† (ANCC). Competencies & skills. -Computer skills. -Customer service skills. -Communication skills. - (missing). -Knowledge on computer applications and documentation. - Experience -1 year teaching or administrative role. -2 years in a clinical role with systems application. -5 years clinical nursing experience. -3-4 years’ experience in clinical nursing. -2 years’ experience in nursing staff education. -5 years’ experience in acute care set up. -Healthcare information systems’ knowledge. -Experience in NI. Job Type -Full time -Full time -Regular/Full time Other Requirements -RN Licensure -RN licensure -RN l icensure -Membership in relevant nursing body. Job Descriptions Job One Create liaison with the medical staff, nursing practitioners, house staff and other care sectors in order to plan, design, develop, implement, maintain and evaluate electronic medical records and systems. Analyze structural processes and clinical operations in a manner that facilitates development of decision-making structures relating to clinical systems. Determine clinical processes that deserve computerization using clinical practice experience and knowledge. Ensure compliance of information systems with regulations and standards of practice. Assist with data analysis, quality assessment and design workflow and CKI. Job Two Change work culture related to technology implementation. Provide technological support in clinical information system.

Womens Roles Then and Now Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Womens Roles Then and Now - Essay Example Later we returned to the US in 1788 where John Adams served as vice president and later as a president. Many people know me as a friendly and pleasant individual according to Gelles (1995). I always showed commitment to politics and federalism through the support I gave to my husband. A woman I would express my opinions both in private and public without any fear as I was a keen political observer, creative writer, and prominent first lady. Jane, can you tell us about your self as a woman of the 19th century? Jane Addams: I grew up in Cedarville, Illinois as a daughter of a wealthy man and a gracious and kind mother. I wished to pursue medicine but this brought a lot of controversy in MY family because they became worried that I might not get married. As a result, I was taken to Europe for two years so that I could not pressure my parents to allow me to get the degree. However this did not give me a fall down, I foresaw WWI IN 1915 in my attempts to prevent war by organizing the Women’s Peace Party and the International Congress of Women.  In 1917 I was elected president of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. I am also a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union and a charter member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored people according to Berson (2004). I was the founder of the Settlement House Movement. During the reign of President Franklin Roosevelt, I saw most of the issues I had advocated for being made policies. As a result, I received numerous awards including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. Jane Addams: Women of the 19th century experienced a lot and their choices in life were limited. For instance, women of the 19th century had no choice on career and most of them lived almost like slaves. Women were so depended on men because all the resources belonged to men. An unmarried woman was highly disrespected and attracted social condemnation and pity.

Integrity and Values Essay Example for Free

Integrity and Values Essay Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. Barbara Killinger offers a traditional definition: Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and predictably consistent commitment to honour moral, ethical, spiritual and artistic values and principles. [1] In ethics, integrity is regarded[by whom? ] as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy For other uses, see Integrity (disambiguation) Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. Barbara Killinger offers a traditional definition: Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and predictably consistent commitment to honour moral, ethical, spiritual and artistic values and principles. [1] In ethics, integrity is regarded[by whom? ] as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of ones actions. Integrity can stand in opposition tohypocrisy,[2] in that judging with the standards of integrity involves regarding internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding within themselves apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs. The word integrity stems from the Latin adjectiveinteger (whole, complete). [3] In this context, integrity is the inner sense of wholeness deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency ofcharacter. As such, one may judge that others have integrity to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold. A value systems abstraction depth and range of applicable interaction may also function as significant factors in identifying integrity due to their congruence or lack of congruence with observation. A value system may evolve over time[4] while retaining integrity if those who espouse the values account for and resolve inconsistencies. [5] ones actions. Integrity can For other uses, see Integrity (disambiguation) Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. Barbara Killinger offers a traditional definition: Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and predictably consistent commitment to honour moral, ethical, spiritual and artistic values and principles. [1] In ethics, integrity is regarded[by whom? ] as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of ones actions. Integrity can stand in opposition tohypocrisy,[2] in that judging with the standards of integrity involves regarding internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding within themselves apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs. The word integrity stems from the Latin adjectiveinteger (whole, complete). [3] In this context, integrity is the inner sense of wholeness deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency ofcharacter. As such, one may judge that others have integrity to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold. A value systems abstraction depth and range of applicable interaction may also function as significant factors in identifying integrity due to their congruence or lack of congruence with observation. A value system may evolve over time[4] while retaining integrity if those who espouse the values account for and resolve inconsistencies. [5] in opposition tohypocrisy,[2] in that judging with the standards of integrity involves regarding internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding within themselves apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs. The word integrity stems from the Latin adjectiveinteger (whole, complete). [3] In this context, integrity is the inner sense of wholeness deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency ofcharacter. As such, one may judge that others have integrity to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold.

A Comparative Study on Open Source ASIC Tools

A Comparative Study on Open Source ASIC Tools Abstract: Most analog and digital electronic circuit designs can be realized at different levels from the transistor to architecture level. As the complexity of Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSI) design process leads to the usage of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools for design and optimization. Manual design of integrated circuits up to layout is much more complicated and time consuming process, also lack of efficiency in the fabricated chip. So that Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools are widely used in ASIC design. CAD tools provide the common path to simplify the IC design process. But the commercial tools are very much expensive and not able to use as an individual. For that purpose open source EDA tools are used for study of an IC design. In this research, it mainly concentrates on available open source and freeware EDA tools with its usage on IC design and development process are presented and evaluated. This research also gives a fundamental idea on how the open source EDA tools have helped the researchers and students to learn and fabricate their own Integrated circuits. Introduction: Electronics systems are take part a crucial role in every human life. Electronic systems ranging from Integrated Circuits (ICs) to PCB (Printed Circuit Boards) are developed and produced by CAD tools. CAD tools are the collection of rules, algorithms, different methodologies and tools which automate the design, testing and verification of electronic devices. There are many commercial CAD tools are available, which are the industry standard and they are very expensive to bought such licenses. For academic and small scale industries usage of those tools are limited due to the cost. So the alternatives are Free and Open-Source Software EDA tools are the only effective way for students and teachers to learn and implement their ideas by modifying the source code. There are lot of open source and freeware tools are available for analog and digital circuit design. But the problems behind those softwares are integration of multiple tools for a complete design; installation procedure, operating systems, etc. are the various factors. From the above said considerations the tools such as Qflow and Magic from open circuit design tools, Electric from static free software, alliance, LASI, toped, microwind are considered for this research. Open Circuit Design Tools: Alliance: Alliance is a VLSI tool having numerous of tools integrated together with portable libraries. It contains VHDL compiler and simulator, synthesis, auto place and route tools. For digital design a complete set of portable CMOS libraries are provided [1]. Alliance is developed and maintained by ASIM department of LIP6 laboratory at Pierre Marie Curie University, France. Alliance is free and open source software initially developed for teaching VLSI design. Its binaries, source code and cells libraries are distributed under the GNU General Public License. Alliance tool has been used in many research projects. One is Superscalar 128-bit Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) microprocessor [2] was designed by alliance CAD system and IEEE Gigabit HSL Router. The main features of Alliance includes, it supports the standard VLSI description formats like SPICE, EDIF, VHDL, CIF and GDSII. It has built in design and simulation tools. It is easy to learn and use, also convenient to get the resources online. It includes logical synthesis tool which supports VHDL synthesis. The Alliance design flow includes design, synthesis and simulation along with optimization by using different kind of tools. The Alliance tools are independent, interact with each other and has more than 150 documented standard cells and six custom optimized generators [3], also it does not require a high performance workstation like Cadence; however, it is designed for UNIX based platform. Electric: Electric VLSI Design System is a high performance open source EDA tool that provides complete aids in designing the IC layout. It is a sophisticated system which can handle a range of fabrication CMOS technologies. It has many generic analysis and synthesis tools which automates the design process. It integrates the schematic editor, circuit simulator, schematic driven layout generator, layout editor, layout verification and parasitic extraction. The major advantage to Electric VLSI Design System is that, it allows swapping between the designs data with other standard EDA tools in the industry. It supports most popular formats such as EDIF, VHDL, GDS, LEF/DEF, etc. Initially, the Electric VLSI design system was written in C language in 1982 by Steven Rubin [4] at the Fairchild A.I. Laboratory in Palo Alto, California. Later it was ported to Java acquired by Oracle. Irrespective of all other CAD tools Electric had a combination of graphics, connectivity, and accurate geometry for IC design. The Electric design system has a huge database which is built on network structure, primarily to implement connectivity. The network has nodes and arcs [6], which are components in the circuit and connecting wires respectively. These network nodes and arcs have their own geometric data, for a correct representation of the circuit. Electric has an expansive database and can store a large number of structures, design rules are incorporated. The Electric VLSI system provides many features such as: Integrity Schematic, Layout and the supporting packages are integrated in one file. No node extraction Electric provides geometry connectivity information. So there is no need to extract nodes separately Geometry errors simpler design process powerful editing with LVS check

Analysis of Argentinean Debt Crisis: IMF and Government Actions Essay

The Argentina debt affected the country between the late 90’s to the early 2000’s and can be attributed to misdiagnosis and ineffective policy. During this time the IMF and Argetina’s government worked closely together. Previous to the crisis Argentina had been celebrated for its economic policies and growth. The government worked to put in place conservative economic policy, including the privatization of companies, looser trade regulations, among other conservative changes. Economic growth in that period appears to have been in large part the result of increasing amount of international debt. Before the end of the 90’s, things began to fall apart. The crisis can be traced back to the 80’s, where the country experienced extreme hyperinflation. The currency inflated at over 5000% this was during the presidency of Carlos Menem and, his finance minister, Domingo Cavallo who attempted three ways to limit inflation. The first was a stabilization act with the backing of a large private firm; the second attempt was to buy up certificates of deposit into government bonds (Nataraj & Sahoo 2003). After the first two methods failed the third option was introduced, this was to peg the argentine peso to the US dollar. To fixate the exchange rate, the currency board kept up dollar reserves, and could not change the supply of pesos without the same change in dollars as well (Sergio L., Eduardo, & Augusto 2003). By the mid-1990s, inflation had vanished but the government were unable to alter many of the concretionary policies that stabilized inflation yet hurt growth. When debt crisis began to develop, the government could not exp and the money supply as a means of stimulating the economy, resulting in stagflation in the 90’s (Macewen 200... ...e World Bank. IMF. The IMF and Argentina, 1991–2001. Rep. International Monetary Fund: Independent Evaluation Office, 2004. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. . Krueger, Anne. "Crisis Prevention and Resolution: Lessons from Argentina." Speech. "The Argentina Crisis" Cambridge, Cambridge. 17 July 2002. IMF. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. . Macewan, Arthur. "Economic Debacle In Argentina: The IMF Strikes Again." Foreign Policy in Focus Jan. 2002, Latin America & Caribbean sec. Print. Nataraj, Geethanjali, and Pravakar Sahoo. "Argentina's Crisis: Causes and Consequences." Economic and Political Weekly 38.18 (2003). Print. Paddock, John V. "IMF Policy and the Argentine Crisis." The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 34.1 (2003): 155-87. Print.

The Difference Between Consumer Buyer Behaviour and Organisational Buyer Behaviour

The difference between Consumer Buyer Behaviour and Organisational Buyer Behaviour In this essay we will be talking about the difference between consumer buyer behaviour and organisational buyer behaviour and how marketers can harvest this knowledge to create the right marketing strategies for each category of market. The main difference between consumer buyer behaviour and organisational buyer behaviour is that consumer buying consists of activates involved in buying and using of products for personal and household use, where organisational buyers purchase primarily for organisational purpose.Consumer behaviour is complex and a company has to fit their product more closely and satisfy their customer needs more fully than the competitors. Marketers will also need to know whether their controllable variables, e. g. marketing mix variables, will affect buying behaviour. Culture is the broadest environmental factor witch influences buyer behaviour, consumption choices cannot be understo od without considering the culture. It is the prisms with witch customers perceive the product. The culture of consumers determines the priorities he attaches to different products.The link between consumer behaviour and culture is a two-way street. In one direction the products that are produced to fit a consumer’s culture are better accepted, in the other direction products and innovation that are created in a specific culture on a given time show us a clear domination in the cultures ideals. (Michael Solomon, Culture, 2006) Social class refers to the grouping together of individuals or families who have certain common social or economic characteristics. Societies can be divided in haves and have-nots.Social Class is determined by income, family background and occupation. The social class is not only determining how much money is spent by the individual but also how it is spent. (Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective, 2006) Consumer buyer behaviour Masl ow`s hierarchy of needs is the first model we are looking at. It implies a hierarchy of biogenic and psychogenic needs where the order of development is fixed and a certain level must be attained before the next higher one.In Maslow`s hierarchy one must first satisfy basic needs before he can progress up the ladder. The application of this model is relatively simplistic as one product can satisfy more than one need. (Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour , 2006) The next model we are talking about is the Howard Sheth model. The model describes brand decision under incomplete or limited information. It distinguishes three levels of decision: 1) Extensive problem solving- the buyer has little or no knowledge about the product and has no criteria by which to choose the product. ) Limited problem solving- In this stage the choice criteria are defined but the buyer is still undecided about the brads which best serve him. 3) Routinized responses behaviour- The criteria set in this stage is well defined and the consumer has the best brand which best serves him. He makes the buying process with little evaluation of alternatives. The Howard Sheth model borrows concepts from the learning model to explain brand choice. Four major components are involved in this process: impute variables, output variables, hypothetical constructs and exogenous variables. Rao, 2011) There are three different impute variable, the first and second is provided by the marketer by significant stimuli like physical brand characteristics and symbolic stimuli like visual or verbal characteristics. The third variable is provided by family, reference group etc. (Rao, 2011) The perceptual and learning construct define the main part of the model. It deals with the psychological variables with interact with the consumer decision making. The output variables are the response to the impute variables and helps us understand how the consumer will engage with the perceptual construct. Rao, 2011) The Last mode l we are looking at is the Engel-Kollat-Blackwell model which was created to describe the knowledge concerning consumer behaviour. The first stage is the decision-process stage. The model is focusing on the five mine decision-process stages: Problem recognition, search for alternatives, alternate evaluation purchase, and outcomes. The consumer does not necessarily have to go through all this stages. The number of stages depends if it is an extended or a routine problem solving behaviour.The Second stage is the information impute where the consumer is getting information from marketing and non-marketing sources with will influence the decision-making process. The third stage is the information processing stage and it consists of the exposure, attention and retention of the consumer to the information. The consumer must first be exposed to the message, allocate space for this information, interpret the stimuli, and retain the message by transferring the input to long-term memory. The fourth stage consists of individual and environmental influences that affect all five stages of the decision process.Individual characteristics include motives, values, lifestyle, and personality; the social influences are culture, reference groups, and family. Situational influences, such as a consumer’s financial condition, also influence the decision process. (Engel, 1995) Organisational buyer behaviour Broadly speaking organisational customers can be classified in commercial, institutional and governmental sector. (Oxford University Page) The Commercial customers can be divided furthermore in 1) Distributors: They are also known as intermediaries and their main purpose is to transfer products through the supply chain adding value to them.The main types of intermediary are wholesales, dealers, agents, value-added resellers. 2) Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs): They are the classic business customer. They purchases parts or materials and manufacture and market with t he manufacturer’s brand. 3) Users: These customers buy some products to sustain their own production. 4) Retailers: They purchase goods to sell them to their customers. The Institutional customer may differ greatly from the commercial customer in the preceding list. Universities are a good example of institutional customers and the products they have to buy in order to keep operating. Oxford University Page) The Governmental customers can differ from government to government as they can regalement their spending on military health and education. While there are differences between consumer buyer behaviour and organisational buyer behaviour we clearly can see some similarities between them especially when we realises that rationality in organisational buyer behaviour can be misplaced. If the buyer are people to then they can also make mistakes lead by perception, emotion and pear pressure.On the other hand some consumer purchases involve high technical complexity and time invo lving information search. The practice of B2B and B2C is not always clear as an example we can take Sun Microsystems witch approaches large business directly but also encourages small developers to build OEM machines and sell them to customers. (Oxford University Page) We clearly can see that there are some similarities in the B2C and B2B market but there are some huge differences. For example, consumer markets often consist of millions of customers where far fewer customers are in the organisational market.A small percentage often makes a large percentage of the earnings of a B2B business. (Oxford University Page) The B2C buying process can be fairly complex for a high involvement purchase like a car but in a B2B market there is often not only one person involve in this process, it is typically known as the decision-making unit (DMU). Members involved in this decision making unit can be managers who are not involved in the usage of the product and often have a strategic and financi al perspective of the company but also members who directly use the product are involved in the decision making process.We can describe the different parties (Webster and Wind, 1972) in the decision making process as followed: 1) Initiator- is the person who makes the first request for the purchase 2) Buyer – they are the formal authority in the process and are making the purchases from the suppliers 3) Influencers –they affect the decision-making process by providing internal or external information. 4) Decision makers- they are the persons with the authority to approve a purchase. 5) Users – they are the persons who use the product. They often deliver feedback of the performance. ) Gatekeepers – they control the flow of information to other managers within the buying organisation One of the most recognised models of organisational buyer behaviour is the Buygrid Framework (Robinson et al, 1967). It combines nature of the buying situation with the stages in the decision process. It is worth noting the differences between the three buyclass situations: 1) New task purchases – In this category the company is buying a product or a service for the first time. They typically have no experience in the supplier’s capabilities. The DMU is usually larger and the schedule for the decision is often extended. ) Modified rebuy – in this chase the company has already knowledge about the suppliers capabilities but has to alter a variable in the order witch could be: time, amount or price. 3) Straight rebuy – in this case the company does not alter the order. It is normally seen when basic goods are ordered. The decision-making process is quite formal in B2B markets and it goes through many as eight buyphases for a new task purchase: 1) Problem Recognition – this can be created by a supplier review, dissatisfaction with current providers and changing business needs. ) General need description – the need can come from an innovation, the need for cutting costs or improving production. 3) Specifications – It necessity buyer/supplier dialog and is the part where suppliers are differentiated and evaluated. 4) Supplier search – it is the stage where a consideration set of suppliers is created and information is gathered. 5) Proposal submission – suppliers are put into a choice set and a proposal is solicited from those last few suppliers 6) Supplier Selection – in this stage proposals are evaluated and negotiation may take place between buyer and seller. ) Order process specification – in this stage an agreement or a contract is created. 8) Performance review – in this stage the suppliers are revised and benchmarked and then changed, modified or discontinued. (Oxford University Page) It is very important for a company in the B2B market to understand the different members and their roles in a DMU of a company; the members can be brought together from all parts of a company and can include purchasing, R&D, finance and even marketing.The marketing strategy of the supplying must reflect the individual interest within a DMU but also the whole interest and group dynamic of a DMU. (Oxford University Page) Referencing (n. d. ). Retrieved 03 21, 2012, from Oxford University Page: http://www. oup. com/uk/orc/bin/9780199551682/ellis_ch02. pdf Engel, J. B. (1995). Consumer Behaviour. In J. B. Engel, Consumer Behaviour. Michael Solomon, G. B. (2006). In G. B. Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective (p. 460). Michael Solomon, G. B. (2006). Consumer Behaviour . In G. B.Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective (pp. 125-126). Michael Solomon, G. B. (2006). Culture. In G. B. Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Pespective (pp. 525-527). Rao, V. S. (2011, 01 10). Howard Sheth Model. Retrieved 03 21, 2012, from cite Man Network: http://www. citeman. com/13241-howard-sheth-model. html Robinson, P. J. , Faris, C. W. , & Wind, Y. (1976) Industrial Buying and Marketing , Allyn & Bacon, Boston Webste, F. E. & Wind, Y. (1972) Organisational Buying Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ